Front Vet Sci. 2020 Feb 18;7:68. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00068. eCollection 2020.

Near Real-Time Monitoring of Clinical Events Detected in Swine Herds in Northeastern Spain.

Alba-Casals A1,2, Allue E3, Tarancon V3, Baliellas J3, Novell E3, Napp S1,2, Fraile L4.

Author information

1

IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

2

The OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Barcelona, Spain.

3

Grup de Sanejament Porcí, Lleida, Spain.

4

Departament de Ciència Animal, ETSEA, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio, Lleida, Spain.

Abstract

Novel techniques of data mining and time series analyses allow the development of new methods to analyze information relating to the health status of the swine population in near real-time. A swine health monitoring system based on the reporting of clinical events detected at farm level has been in operation in Northeastern Spain since 2012. This initiative was supported by swine stakeholders and veterinary practitioners of the Catalonia, Aragon, and Navarra regions. The system aims to evidence the occurrence of endemic diseases in near real-time by gathering data from practitioners that visited swine farms in these regions. Practitioners volunteered to report data on clinical events detected during their visits using a web application. The system allowed collection, transfer and storage of data on different clinical signs, analysis, and modeling of the diverse clinical events detected, and provision of reproducible reports with updated results. The information enables the industry to quantify the occurrence of endemic diseases on swine farms, better recognize their spatiotemporal distribution, determine factors that influence their presence and take more efficient prevention and control measures at region, county, and farm level. This study assesses the functionality of this monitoring tool by evaluating the target population coverage, the spatiotemporal patterns of clinical signs and presumptive diagnoses reported by practitioners over more than 6 years, and describes the information provided by this system in near real-time. Between January 2012 and March 2018, the system achieved a coverage of 33 of the 62 existing counties in the three study regions. Twenty-five percent of the target swine population farms reported one or more clinical events to the system. During the study period 10,654 clinical events comprising 14,971 clinical signs from 1,693 farms were reported. The most frequent clinical signs detected in these farms were respiratory, followed by digestive, neurological, locomotor, reproductive, and dermatological signs. Respiratory disorders were mainly associated with microorganisms of the porcine respiratory disease complex. Digestive signs were mainly related to colibacilosis and clostridiosis, neurological signs to Glässer's disease and streptococcosis, reproductive signs to PRRS, locomotor to streptococcosis and Glässer's disease, and dermatological signs to exudative epidermitis.

Copyright © 2020 Alba-Casals, Allue, Tarancon, Baliellas, Novell, Napp and Fraile.

KEYWORDS: 

data mining; endemic diseases; endemic-epidemic multivariate time-series model; monitoring; swine health; web application

PMID:

 

32133377

 

PMCID:

 

PMC7040479

 

DOI:

 

10.3389/fvets.2020.00068

Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020 Jan 17;69:101423. doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101423. [Epub ahead of print]

A comparison of commercial modified-live PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 vaccines against a dual heterologous PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 challenge in late term pregnancy gilts.

Yang S1, Oh T1, Cho H1, Chae C2.

Author information

1

Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.

2

Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: swine@snu.ac.kr.

Abstract

This study compared the efficacy, in terms of reproductive performance, of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-1 or PRRSV-2 modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine against a dual heterologous PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 challenge. Gilts were administered either the PRRSV-1 or PRRSV-2 MLV vaccine at 21 days prior to breeding and were challenged intranasally with both PRRSV species at day 93 of gestation. Vaccination of gilts with PRRSV-2 MLV vaccine resulted in improved reproductive performance in sows (e.g. duration of pregnancy) and piglet health and overall viability (e.g. increase of the number of live-born and weaned pigs, and decrease of stillborn). Vaccination of gilts with PRRSV-1 MLV vaccine was able to reduce only PRRSV-1 viremia in contrast, PRRSV-2 MLV vaccine was able to reduce both PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 viremia. Vaccination of gilts with PRRSV-2 MLV induced higher numbers of PRRSV-2 specific interferon-γ secreting cells (IFN-γ-SC) compared to the PRRSV-1 MLV while there was no difference in the number of PRRSV-1 specific IFN-γ-SC between the two vaccines. Taken together, the results presented here suggest that vaccination of gilts with the PRRSV-2 MLV vaccine is more efficacious against dual heterologous PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 challenge compared to the PRRSV-1 MLV vaccine.

Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

KEYWORDS: 

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus; Reproductive failure; Sow; Vaccine

PMID:

 

31972500

  

DOI:

 

10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101423

Development of a biosecurity assessment tool in Japanese commercial swine farms

Prev Vet Med. 2019 Nov 15;175:104848. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104848. [Epub ahead of print]

Development of a biosecurity assessment tool and the assessment of biosecurity levels by this tool on Japanese commercial swine farms.

Sasaki Y1, Furutani A2, Furuichi T3, Hayakawa Y4, Ishizeki S5, Kano R6, Koike F7, Miyashita M8, Mizukami Y9, Watanabe Y5, Otake S10; P-JET11.

Author information

1

Department of Animal and Grassland Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan; Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan. Electronic address: yskssk@cc.miyazaki-u.ac.jp.

2

Course of Animal and Grassland Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.

3

Feed One Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan.

4

IDEAS Swine Clinic, Chiba, Japan.

5

Summit Veterinary Services, Gunma, Japan.

6

Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Japan Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.

7

SMC Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan.

8

Eckstein Swine Service, Tokyo, Japan.

9

Akabane Animal Clinic, Aichi, Japan.

10

Swine Extension & Consulting, Inc., Niigata, Japan.

11

PRRS-Japan Elimination Team, Tokyo, Japan.

Abstract

It is well known that infectious diseases such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) and porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) decrease herd productivity and lead to economic loss. It is believed that biosecurity practices are effective for the prevention and control of such infectious diseases. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate whether or not an association between biosecurity level and herd productivity, as well as disease status exists on Japanese commercial swine farms. The present study was conducted on 141 farms. Biosecurity in each farm was assessed by a biosecurity assessment tool named BioAsseT. BioAsseT has a full score of 100 and consists of three sections (external biosecurity, internal biosecurity and diagnostic monitoring). Production data for number of pigs weaned per sow per year (PWSY) and post-weaning mortality per year (PWM) were collected for data analysis. Regarding PRRS status, the farms were categorized into two groups: unknown or unstable and stable or negative. In addition, these farms were categorized based on their PED status, either positive or negative. The total BioAsseT score was associated with herd productivity: as total score increased by 1, PWSY increased by 0.104 pigs and PWM decreased by 0.051 % (P <  0.05). Herd productivity was associated with the score of external and internal biosecurity (P <  0.05), but did not correlate with the score of diagnostic monitoring. Regarding PRRS status, farms with an unknown or unstable status had lower total score than those with stable or negative status (P < 0.05). Similarly, PED positive farms had a lower total score compared to PED negative farms (P <  0.05). In conclusion, the present study provides evidence for the association between high biosecurity levels and increased herd productivity as well as a decreased risk for novel introductions of infectious diseases such as PED.

Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

KEYWORDS: 

Biosecurity practice; Herd management; Porcine epidemic diarrhea; Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome; Sow

PMID:

 

31786401

  

DOI:

 

10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104848

Recombination of vaccine and field strains

Emerg Infect Dis. 2019 Dec;25(12):2335-2337. doi: 10.3201/eid2512.191111.

Recombination between Vaccine and Field Strains of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus.

Wang A, Chen Q, Wang L, Madson D, Harmon K, Gauger P, Zhang J, Li G.

Abstract

We isolated and plaque purified IA76950-WT and IA70388-R, 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses from pigs in the same herd in Iowa, USA, that exhibited coughing and had interstitial pneumonia. Phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary analysis indicated that IA70388-R is a natural recombinant from Fostera PRRSV vaccine and field strain IA76950-WT.

KEYWORDS: 

PRRSV; United States; pigs; porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus; recombination; swine; vaccine; viruses; wild type

PMID:

 

31742529

  

DOI:

 

10.3201/eid2512.191111

Macroepidemiological aspects of PRRSV detection by major labs in the USA over time, age group, and specimen

PLoS One. 2019 Oct 16;14(10):e0223544. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223544. eCollection 2019.

Macroepidemiological aspects of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus detection by major United States veterinary diagnostic laboratories over time, age group, and specimen.

Trevisan G1, Linhares LCM1, Crim B1, Dubey P1, Schwartz KJ1, Burrough ER1, Main RG1, Sundberg P2, Thurn M3, Lages PTF3, Corzo CA3, Torrison J3, Henningson J4, Herrman E4, Hanzlicek GA4, Raghavan R4, Marthaler D4, Greseth J5, Clement T5, Christopher-Hennings J5, Linhares DCL1.

Author information

1

Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America.

2

Swine Health Information Center, Ames, Iowa, United States of America.

3

Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America.

4

College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America.

5

Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America.

Abstract

This project investigates the macroepidemiological aspects of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) RNA detection by veterinary diagnostic laboratories (VDLs) for the period 2007 through 2018. Standardized submission data and PRRSV real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) test results from porcine samples were retrieved from four VDLs representing 95% of all swine samples tested in NAHLN laboratories in the US. Anonymized data were retrieved and organized at the case level using SAS (SAS® Version 9.4, SAS® Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) with the use of PROC DATA, PROC MERGE, and PROC SQL scripts. The final aggregated and anonymized dataset comprised of 547,873 unique cases was uploaded to Power Business Intelligence-Power BI® (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington) to construct dynamic charts. The number of cases tested for PRRSV doubled from 2010 to 2018, with that increase mainly driven by samples typically used for monitoring purposes rather than diagnosis of disease. Apparent seasonal trends for the frequency of PRRSV detection were consistently observed with a higher percentage of positive cases occurring during fall or winter months and lower during summer months, perhaps due to increased testing associated with well-known seasonal occurrence of swine respiratory disease. PRRSV type 2, also known as North American genotype, accounted for 94.76% of all positive cases and was distributed across the US. PRRSV type 1, also known as European genotype, was geographically restricted and accounted for 2.15% of all positive cases. Co-detection of both strains accounted for 3.09% of the positive cases. Both oral fluid and processing fluid samples, had a rapid increase in the number of submissions soon after they were described in 2008 and 2017, respectively, suggesting rapid adoption of these specimens by the US swine industry for PRRSV monitoring in swine populations. As part of this project, a bio-informatics tool defined as Swine Disease Reporting System (SDRS) was developed. This tool has real-time capability to inform the US swine industry on the macroepidemiological aspects of PRRSV detection, and is easily adaptable for other analytes relevant to the swine industry.

PMID:

 

31618236

  

DOI:

 

10.1371/journal.pone.0223544

Assessing PRRSv status in suckling pigs by sampling sows and environment.

Vet Microbiol. 2019 Oct;237:108406. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108406. Epub 2019 Sep 3.

Indirect assessment of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus status in pigs prior to weaning by sampling sows and the environment.

Vilalta C1, Sanhueza J2, Garrido J2, Murray D3, Morrison R2, Corzo CA2, Torremorell M2.

Author information

Abstract

There is a need to develop cost effective approaches to sample large populations in particular to determine the disease status of pigs prior to weaning. In this study we assessed the presence of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in the environment (surfaces and air) of farrowing rooms, and udder skin of lactating sows as an indirect measure of piglet PRRSV status. Samples were collected at processing and weaning every three weeks for 23 weeks after a PRRSV outbreak was diagnosed in a swine breeding herd. PRRSV was detected at processing in udder skin wipes, environmental wipes and airborne deposited particle samples up to 14 weeks post outbreak and at weaning in udder skin wipes up to 17 weeks post outbreak. Similar sensitivities were observed for udder skin wipes (43% [95% CI: 23%-66%]) and surface wipes (57% [95% CI: 34%-77%]) when compared to serum at the litter level from piglets at processing. PRRSV was detected in the environment and the udder skin of lactating sows, which indicates that aggregate samples of the environment or lactating sows may be used to evaluate the PRRSV status of the herd in pigs prior to weaning. However, the use of environmental samples to detect PRRSV by RT-PCR should not be used as the single method to assess the PRRSV status at the litter level. Furthermore, our findings also highlight potential sources of PRRSV infection for piglets in breeding herds.

Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

KEYWORDS: 

Environment; Monitoring; Nurse sow; PRRSV; Udder

PMID:

 

31585654

 

DOI:

 

10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108406

PLoS One. 2019 Oct 9;14(10):e0223250. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223250. eCollection 2019.

Unweaving tangled mortality and antibiotic consumption data to detect disease outbreaks - Peaks, growths, and foresight in swine production.

Lopes Antunes AC1, Jensen VF1, Jensen D2.

Author information

1

Division for Diagnostics & Scientific Advice-Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute/Centre for Diagnostics-Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.

2

Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.

Abstract

As our capacity to collect and store health data is increasing, a new challenge of transforming data into meaningful information for disease monitoring and surveillance has arisen. The aim of this study was to explore the potential of using livestock mortality and antibiotic consumption data as a proxy for detecting disease outbreaks at herd level. Changes in the monthly records of mortality and antibiotic consumption were monitored in Danish swine herds that became positive for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) and porcine pleuropneumonia. Laboratory serological results were used to identify herds that changed from a negative to a positive status for the diseases. A dynamic linear model with a linear growth component was used to model the data. Alarms about state changes were raised based on forecast errors, changes in the growth component, and the values of the retrospectively smoothed values of the growth component. In all cases, the alarms were defined based on credible intervals and assessed prior and after herds got a positive disease status. The number of herds with alarms based on mortality increased by 3% in the 3 months prior to laboratory confirmation of PRRS-positive herds (Se = 0.47). A 22% rise in the number of weaner herds with alarms based on the consumption of antibiotics for respiratory diseases was found 1 month prior to these herds becoming PRRS-positive (Se = 0.22). For porcine pleuropneumonia-positive herds, a 10% increase in antibiotic consumption for respiratory diseases in sow herds was seen 1 month prior to a positive result (Se = 0.5). Monitoring changes in mortality data and antibiotic consumption showed changes at herd level prior to and in the same month as confirmation from diagnostic tests. These results also show a potential value for using these data streams as part of surveillance strategies.

PMID:

 

31596880

 

DOI:

 

10.1371/journal.pone.0223250